Lists of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated and intersected by taking into consideration relevant comparisons, which led to the observation of prevailing effects of the space environment over those induced by nanoceria. Biological responses were thus investigated at a transcriptional level by RNA next-generation sequencing. Nanoparticles were supplied to proliferating C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells under different gravity and radiation levels.

Despite the considerable progress made with the emerging electrocatalysts in recent years, several issues are yet to be addressed to achieve the commercial potential of rechargeable ZAB for practical applications.ДЇor their remarkable biomimetic properties implying strong modulation of the intracellular and extracellular redox state, cerium oxide nanoparticles (also termed вЂњnanoceriaвЂќ) were hypothesized to exert a protective role against oxidative stress associated with the harsh environmental conditions of spaceflight, characterized by microgravity and highly energetic radiations. The active site for oxygen electrocatalysis and challenges associated with carbon support is briefly addressed. The nonprecious metal electrocatalyst-based ZABs are very promising and they deliver high power density, specific capacity, and round-trip efficiency. The bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic activity and ZAB performance, on the other hand, are measured in terms of potential gap between the ORR and OER, О”E = Ej10OER вЂ“ E1/2ORR, specific capacity, peak power density, open circuit voltage, voltaic efficiency, and chargeвЂ“discharge cycling stability. The ORR activity of these catalysts is evaluated in terms of onset potential, number of electrons transferred, limiting current density, and durability. In many cases, the synergistic effect between the heteroatom-doped carbon matrix and the active catalyst plays an important role in controlling the catalytic activity. The encapsulation or integration of the active catalyst with undoped or heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures affords an enhanced durability to the active catalyst.

The surface engineering increases the number of active sites, whereas the chemical engineering enhances the intrinsic activity of the catalyst. Rational surface and chemical engineering of these electrocatalysts is required to achieve the desired oxygen electrocatalytic activity. This review article highlights the oxygen electrocatalytic activity of the emerging non-Pt and non-Ru/Ir oxygen electrocatalysts including transition-metal-based random alloys, intermetallics, metal-coordinated nitrogen-doped carbon (MвЂ“NвЂ“C), and transition metal phosphides, nitrides, etc., for the development of an air-breathing electrode for aqueous primary and secondary zinc-air batteries (ZABs).

Although the catalytic activities of Pt and Ru/Ir-based catalysts toward an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are known, the high cost and lack of durability limit their extensive use for practical applications. The activity of an oxygen electrocatalyst largely decides the overall energy storage performance of these devices.

The development of an inexpensive, highly active, and durable nonprecious-metal-based oxygen electrocatalyst is indispensable for emerging energy technologies, including anion exchange membrane fuel cells, metal-air batteries (MABs), water electrolyzers, etc. The electrochemical reduction of oxygen to water and the evolution of oxygen from water are two important electrode reactions extensively studied for the development of electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies based on oxygen electrocatalysis.

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